First Commercial Oil Field National Historic Site of Canada
Oil Springs, Ontario
General view
© Agence Parcs Canada / Parks Canada Agency, A. Roos, 2005.
Address :
Oil Springs, Ontario
Recognition Statute:
Historic Sites and Monuments Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. H-4)
Designation Date:
1925-05-15
Dates:
-
1858 to 1858
(Construction)
Event, Person, Organization:
-
James Miller Williams
(Person)
-
Hugh Nixon Shaw
(Person)
-
Henry Tripp
(Person)
-
Charles Tripp
(Person)
-
John Henry Fairbank
(Person)
-
Imperial Oil Company
(Organization)
-
Geological Survey of Canada
(Organization)
Other Name(s):
-
First Commercial Oil Field
(Designation Name)
-
Oil Museum of Canada
(Other Name)
-
Fairbank Oil
(Other Name)
-
First Oil Wells in Canada
(Plaque name)
Research Report Number:
2005-020
Plaque(s)
Existing plaque: Oil Museum of Canada northwest corner of Gum Bed Line and Kelly Road, Oil Springs, Ontario
The presence of oil in this locality was observed by early travellers and by the pioneer farmers who used it for medical purposes. In 1858, near Oil Springs, James M. Williams dug the first oil well in Canada and later established a refinery at Hamilton. In 1861, John Shaw, by drilling into the rock, opened the first flowing well, its situation being Lot 18, Concession 2, Enniskillen Township. From these beginnings developed one of Canada's most important industries.
Description of Historic Place
Located near Oil Springs, Ontario, the First Commercial Oil Field National Historic Site of Canada is an industrial landscape featuring oil and gas extraction, transportation and refining equipment and buildings. The land itself is level and open, like the surrounding agricultural lands. The official recognition refers to the Fairbank and Oil Museum lands, the in situ equipment and the buildings in their existing spatial relationships.
Heritage Value
First Commercial Oil Field was designated a national historic site of Canada in 1925 because: the site is a rare industrial landscape possessing a large number of vestiges directly related to the beginning and to the evolution of the oil industry in the latter half of the 19th century in Canada; the site contains the first commercial oil well in the world, the first drilled well in Canada, the first gumbeds that were commercially used in the world, and the first gas gusher in Canada; the site, where the mining, refining and marketing of petroleum products once took place, had major impacts both financially and technologically not only in Canada but on the development of the oil industry in other countries.
The location of gumbeds in this area of Ontario had long been known to local inhabitants. The first commercial exploitation of the gumbeds was the extraction of bitumen for asphalt paving. Further study of the qualities of the oil revealed its technical applicability to numerous uses, while advances in drilling, refining and transportation techniques made the exploitation of these oil fields economically viable. The work undertaken here had significant impacts from both technological and financial aspects, on the development of the oil refining industry both in Canada and abroad.
Source: Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Minutes, June 2005.
Character-Defining Elements
Key elements contributing to the heritage value of this site include: machinery, such as oil wells, rigs, the location of the original wells, tanks, receiving stations, as well as buildings such as barns and drive sheds; above-ground and below-ground archaeological resources, such as buried oil tanks, and surface depressions; support buildings such as barns and drive sheds; views across the oil fields, and the existing relationship between the in situ resources; the location and materials of these industrial remains.