Law and Terminology in Archaeological ResourceManagement
A number of terms are currently used in Archaeological Resource Management. Many of these terms are defined in legislation while others are featured in sections of the law.
Please note the following:
- We have selected the more significant definitions that appear in the texts.
- The information is given in both official languages only when the original text was available in a bilingual format.
- The section is quoted in full when it was brief.
- Otherwise only the reference is given.
Alberta
Historical Resources Act
Definitions
- "historic site" means any site which includes or is comprised of an historical resource of an immovable nature or which cannot be disassociated from its context without destroying some or all of its values as an historical resource and includes a prehistoric, historic or natural site or structure.
- "archaeological resource" means a work of man that
- is primarily of value for its prehistoric, historic, cultural or scientific significance, and
- is or was buried or partially buried in land in Alberta or submerged beneath the surface of any watercourse or permanent body of water in Alberta, and includes those works of man or classes of works of man designated by the regulations as archaeological resources.
- is primarily of value for its prehistoric, historic, cultural or scientific significance, and
- "historic object" means any historic resource of a movable nature including any specimen, artifact, document or work of art.
- "historic resource" means any work of nature or of man that is primarily of value for its Palaeontological, archaeological, prehistoric, historic, cultural, natural, scientific or aesthetic interest including, but not limited to, a palaeontological, archaeological, prehistoric, historic or natural site, structure or object.
- "palaeontological resource" means a work of nature consisting of or containing evidence of extinct multicellular beings and includes those works of nature or classes of works of nature designated by the regulations as palaeontological resources.
Designation process
Sections 15, 16, 22, 23.
Excavation Permit
Section 26
Title to archaeological property
28(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), the property in all archaeological resources and palaeontological resources within Alberta is vested in the Crown in right of Alberta.
28(2) No sale or other disposition of land belonging to the Crown in right of Alberta shall operate as a conveyance of an archaeological resource or palaeontological resource situated on or under the land unless the sale or other disposition expressly states that it does so operate.
28(3) The Minister may, in accordance with the regulations, sell, lease, exchange or otherwise dispose of any archaeological or palaeontological resource on any terms he considers appropriate.
British Columbia
Heritage Conservation Act [RSBC 1996], Chapter 187
Definitions
- "heritage site" means, whether designated or not, land, including land covered by water, that has heritage value to British Columbia, a community or an aboriginal people.
- "heritage object" means, whether designated or not, personal property that has heritage value to British Columbia, a community or an aboriginal people.
- "heritage wreck" means the remains of a wrecked vessel or aircraft if
- 2 or more years have passed from the date that the vessel or aircraft sank, was washed ashore or crashed, or
- the vessel or aircraft has been abandoned by its owner and the government has agreed to accept the abandonment for the purposes of this Act.
- 2 or more years have passed from the date that the vessel or aircraft sank, was washed ashore or crashed, or
"designation process"
Sections 9, 10, 11
"ownership"
Section 19
"permit"
Sections 12, 13(1)(2)14
37 (2) (i) specifies that the Minister has the power to make regulations regarding permit.
Manitoba
The Heritage Resources Act Chapter H39.1 Loi sur les richesses du Patrimoine
Definitions
- "heritage resource" includes
- a heritage site,
- a heritage object, and
- any work or assembly of works of nature or of human endeavour that is of value for its archaeological, palaeontological, pre-historic, historic, cultural, natural, scientific or aesthetic features, and may be in the form of sites or objects or a combination thereof.
- a heritage site,
- « Richesse du patrimoine » S'entend
- des sites du patrimoine;
- des objets du patrimoine;
- des travaux et assemblages de travaux dûs à l'activité humaine qui présente une valeur archéologique, paléontologique, préhistorique, historique, culturelle, naturelle, scientifique ou esthétique, qu'il s'agisse de sites, d'objets ou d'une combinaison des uns et des autres.
- des sites du patrimoine;
Sites of heritage significance
Section 2
Sites du patrimoine
Article 2
43(1) In this Part, "archaeological object" means an object
- that is the product of human art, workmanship or use, including plant and animal remains that have been modified by or deposited due to human activities,
- that is of value for its historic or archaeological significance, and
- that is or has been discovered on or beneath land in Manitoba, or submerged or partially submerged beneath the surface of any watercourse or permanent body of water in Manitoba;
"heritage object" includes
- an archaeological object,
- a palaeontological object,
- a natural heritage object, and
- an object designated as a heritage object by the Lieutenant Governor in Council under subsection (2)
43(1) "objet archéologique" Objet :
- qui est le produit de l'art, du travail ou l'activité humains (sic), y compris les restes végétaux et animaux modifiés ou laissés là par l'activité humaine;
- dont la valeur réside dans son intérêt historique ou archéologique;
- qui a été découvert au Manitoba à la surface ou dans le sol, ou qui a été totalement ou partiellement submergé par un cours d'eau ou une étendue d'eau permanente au Manitoba.
« objet du patrimoine » S'entend :
- des objets archéologiques;
- des objets paléontologiques;
- des objets du patrimoine naturel;
- des objets qualifiés d'objet du patrimoine par le lieutenant-gouverneur en conseil, aux termes du paragraphe (2)
Agreements for investigation
Section 50
Ententes relative saux fouilles et expertises
Article 50
Heritage permit for searching or excavating
Section 53
Permis de fouilles
Article 53
Issue of heritage permits
Section 54
Délivrance de permis
Article 54
New Brunswick
Historic sites Protection Act, consolidated to September 30, 1997
Loi sur la protection des lieux historiques, refondue au 30 septembre 1997
Definitions
- "anthropological site" means any site, parcel of land, building, or structure of anthropological significance that has been designated as such by the Minister;
- "historic site" means any site, parcel of land, building, or structure of historical significance that has been designated as such by the Minister;
- "protected site" means any historic or anthropological site that has been designated as such by the Minister;
- "anthropological object" means an object of anthropological significance found at an anthropological site;
- "historic object" means an object of historical significance found at a historic site;
- "lieu d'intérêt anthropologique" désigne tout lieu, parcelle de terrain, bâtiment ou construction ayant une importance anthropologique et déclaré tel par le Ministre;
- "lieu d'intérêt historique" désigne tout lieu, parcelle de terrain, bâtiment ou construction ayant une importance historique et déclaré tel par le Ministre;
- "lieu protégé" désigne tout lieu d'intérêt historique ou anthropologique déclaré tel par le Ministre;
- "objet d'intérêt anthropologique" désigne un objet ayant une importance anthropologique, trouvé dans un lieu d'intérêt anthropologique;
- "objet d'intérêt historique" désigne un objet ayant une importance historique, trouvé dans un lieu d'intérêt historique;
Designation process
2(1) The Minister may designate any site, parcel of land, building, or structure of any kind to be an historic or anthropological site within the meaning of this Act.
2(2) The Minister may designate any historic or anthropological site to be a protected site within the meaning of this Act.
2(2.1) A designation under subsection (2) shall be effective from the time of the registration in the registry office for the county in which the historic or anthropological site is situated, of a document setting out the description of the site or parcel of land to be designated as the protected site or where a building or structure is to be designated as a protected site, by setting out the description of the land upon which the building or structure lies and a description of the building or structure sufficient to identify it.
2(3) The Minister may designate a group or collection of buildings and their environs, in urban or rural areas, that are considered by him to be of historic or architectural significance as an historic district.
Processus de désignation
2(1) Le Ministre peut déclarer tout lieu, parcelle de terrain, bâtiment ou construction de toute sorte lieu d'intérêt historique ou anthropologique au sens de la présente loi.
2(2) Le Ministre peut déclarer tout lieu d'intérêt historique ou anthropologique lieu protégé au sens de la présente loi.
2(2.1) Une déclaration faite en vertu du paragraphe (2) prend effet dès l'enregistrement au bureau de l'enregistrement du comté ou est situé le lieu d'intérêt historique ou anthropologique, d'un acte décrivant le lieu ou la parcelle de terrain déclarés lieu protégé, ou, s'il s'agit de bâtiment ou de construction, décrivant ces derniers suffisamment pour les identifier ainsi que le terrain sur lequel ils s'élèvent.2(3) Le Ministre peut déclarer secteur historique tout groupe ou ensemble de bâtiments et leurs environs, en milieu urbain ou rural, qui, à son avis, présentent un intérêt historique ou architectural.
"permit" means a valid and subsisting permit issued under this Act; sections 3, 4(1), 4(2), 4(3), 5(1), 7.
"permis" désigne un permis valable et toujours en vigueur délivré en application de la présente loi; art. 3, 4(1), 4(2), 4(3), 5(1), 7.
7 (1) This section specifies that the Minister has the power to make regulations regarding permit.
7 (1) Cette section indique que le Ministre décide des règlements régissant les permis.
Newfoundland
Historic Resources Act 1990, Chapter H-4, Amended 1990 cR-8 s44, 1993 cD-19.1 s21
Definitions
- "archaeological object" means an object showing evidence of manufacture, alteration or use by humans that is found in or on land within the province and is of value for the information that it may give on prehistoric or historic human activity in the province and includes human remains.
- "Historic resource" means a work of nature or of humans that is primarily of value for its archaeological, prehistoric, historic, cultural, natural, scientific or aesthetic interest, including an archaeological, prehistoric, historic or natural site, structure or object.
- "permit" means a valid permit issued under sections 8, 9.
- "provincial historic site" means a site, area, parcel of land, building, monument or other structure that is the subject of a declaration under section 16.
- "Registered historic site" means a site, area, parcel of land, building, monument or other structure that is the subject of a declaration under section 17.
"designation process"
Sections 16 and 17
"title to objects"
Section 11
33 (e) This section specifies that the Minister has the power to make regulations respecting the issuing of permits to conduct archaeological investigations.
Archaeological Investigation Permit Regulations 963/96, under the Historic Resources Act (O.C. 96-212)
"archaeological resource" means a work of man that is primarily of value for its prehistoric, historic, cultural or scientific significance and is or was buried or partially buried in the land in the province.
"site" means any place where archaeological resources are located which cannot be excavated without a valid permit issued under this Act.
Northwest Territories
Northwest Territories/Act Northwest Archaeological Sites Regulations, C.R.C 1978, c.1237
Règlement sur les lieux archéologiques des territoires du Nord-Ouest, C.R.C 1978, c.1237
Definitions
- "permit" means a permit issued under these Regulations;
- «permis» signifie un permis délivré en vertu du présent règlement;
- "archaeological site" means a site or work of archaeological, ethnological or historical importance, interest or significance or a place where an archaeological specimen is found, and includes explorers'cairns;
- «lieu archéologique» signifie un lieu ou un ouvrage d'importance, intérêt archéologique, ethnologique ou historique, ou bien un endroit oê a été trouvé un spécimen archéologique, et comprend des cairns d'explorateurs;
- "archaeological specimen" means an object or specimen of archaeological, ethnological or historical importance, interest or significance and includes explorers'documents.
- «specimen archéologique» signifie un objet ou un specimen d'importance, intérêt ou portée archéologique, ethnologique ou historique, et comprend des documents d'explorateurs.
Historical Resources Act and section 1 of the Historical Sites Declaration, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, C.H-3.
Loi sur les ressources historiques et Section 1 de la Déclaration des lieux historiques, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, C.H-3.
"historical sites declaration"
Sections 2(2) et 7(b)
«déclaration de lieux historiques»
Articles 2(2) et 7(b)
Nova Scotia
Special Places Protection Act, Chapter 438 of the Revises Statutes, 1989, Amended 1990, c.45;1994-95, c.17
Definition
- "heritage object" means an archaeological, historical or palaeontological object or remain but does not include such an object to which the Treasure Trove Act applies.
Designation of protected site
Section 7
Heritage Research Permit
8 This section specifies that the Minister has the power to make regulations regarding permit.
"ownership"
8 (3)(d) the permit holder must deliver possession of all heritage objects recovered, while excavating pursuant to the heritage research permit, to the Museum or to any other public institution which the Minister may designate, which objects become the property of the Province.
Heritage Research Permit Guidelines. Category A. Definitions R.S., C438, S.3.
Definitions
- "site" means land, including land covered by water, that contains an artifact, a structure, a burial, a wreck, a specimen, or a combination of thereof associated with past cultural activities.
- "archaeological resources" means a work of past human activity, or zoological, botanical, geological or other natural materials found in association such activity that:
- is primarily of value for its prehistoric, historic, cultural or scientific significance; and
- lay on, or was buried or partially buried in land in the province, including land covered by water.
- is primarily of value for its prehistoric, historic, cultural or scientific significance; and
- "artifact" means an object, or any part of an object, that was made or used by human beings and that has been deposited, discarded, lost or abandoned in or on the land, including land covered with water.
- "specimen" means a sample of organic or inorganic matter, whether modified or not by cultural activity, collected for scientific analysis in conjunction with archaeological research.
Nunavut
Nunavut Act Chapter N28.6 (1993, c.28)
Nunavut, Loi sur le Chapitre N-28.6 (1993, ch. 28
Cultural Sites and Property Regulations
51. (1)The Governor in Council may make regulations for the protection, care and preservation of sites, works, objects and specimens in Nunavut of palaeontological, archaeological, ethnological or historical importance, interest or significance and of explorers' cairns and explorers' documents in Nunavut.
Biensculturels Règlements
51. (1)Le gouverneur en conseil peut prendre des règlements pour la protection, l'entretien et la conservation, au Nunavut, des cairns et documents d'explorateurs, ainsi que des lieux, ouvrages, objets et spécimens d'intérêt paléontologique, ethnologique ou historique.
Ontario
Ontario Heritage Act. Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1990, Chapter 0.18
Loi sur le Patrimoine de l'Ontario. Lois refondues de l'Ontario de 1990
Chapitre 0.18
"designated property" section 47 means property that is designated under this Part.
«bien désigné» art. 47 bien que le ministre désigne aux termes de la présente partie.
"licence" means a licence issued under this Act; sections 48, 49, 50, 51.
«licence» licence délivrée en vertu de la présente loi; art. 48, 49, 50, 51.
"permit" permit issued under this Act; sections 56, 57 ,58, 59, 60, 61.
«permis» permis délivré en vertu de la présente loi; art. 56, 57 ,58, 59, 60, 61.
Prince Edward Island
Archaeological Sites Protection Act, Assented to May 14th, 1987
Definition
"permit" means a permit issued under section 4; 4, 6.
- "archaeological site" means land prehistorical or historical significance designated under section 2.
- "artifact" means an object of prehistorical or historical significance.
"ownership"
7.(1) All artifacts recovered from an archaeological site are hereby declared to be the property of the Crown in right of the province.
(2) The Minister may direct that any artifact recovered from an archaeological site be deposited with the Provincial Museum or other public institution to be held on trust for the people of Prince Edward Island.
Heritage Places Protection Act, Proclaimed: June 1, 1995.
- "historic resource" means any work of nature or of a man that is primarily for its palaeontological, archaeological, prehistoric, historic, cultural, scientific or aesthetic interest.
"designation process"
Section 4
Québec
La Loi sur les biens culturels, dernière modification : 1er avril 1998 L.R.Q., C B-4
Definitions
- « bien archéologique » : tout meuble ou immeuble témoignant de l'occupation humaine préhistorique ou historique.
- « bien culturel » : une oeuvre d'art, un bien historique, un monument ou un site historique, un bien ou un site archéologique, une oeuvre cinématographique, audio-visuelle, photographique, radiophonique ou télévisuelle.
- « bien historique » : tout manuscrit, imprimé, document audio visuel ou objet façonné dont la conservation présente un intérêt historique, à l'exclusion d'un immeuble.
Reconnaissance et classement des biens culturels
8. Tout bien culturel peut être reconnu ou classé en tout ou en partie par le ministre conformément à la présente section.
15. Le ministre peut, sur avis de la Commission, reconnaître tout bien culturel dont la conservation présente un intérêt public.
16. La reconnaissance d'un bien culturel est faite au moyen d'une inscription sur le registre visé dans l'article 11. Avis de cette inscription doit être adressé à celui qui a la garde du bien culturel s'il s'agit d'un meuble et, s'il s'agit d'un immeuble, à la personne indiquée comme propriétaire dans le registre du bureau d'enregistrement de la division ou il est situé ainsi qu'au greffier ou secrétaire-trésorier de la municipalité locale sur le territoire de laquelle il est situé. La reconnaissance prend effet à compter de la date de l'inscription sur le registre visé dans l'article 11 s'il s'agit d'un meuble et, s'il s'agit d'un immeuble, à compter de l'enregistrement par dépôt de l'avis d'inscription au bureau d'enregistrement de la division oê il est situé.
Permis
Le permis de recherche archéologique autorise son détenteur à effectuer des fouilles ou des relevés aux endroits qui y sont spécifiés conformément aux conditions déterminées par règlement du gouvernement; art. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 39.1,
Site archéologique
Articles 40, 41 et 42.
53 Cette article indique que le Ministre décide des règlements régissant les permis.
Saskatchewan
Heritage Property Act being Chapter H-2.2 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1979 80,asamended by chapters 76 and 83 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1980-81, chapter 77 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1983, chapters 39 and 49 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1983-84, chapter 55 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1988-89, chapters 15 and 54 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1989-90 and chapter 26 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1993
Definitions
- "site" includes any parcel of land or remains of any building or structure.
- "archaeological object" means any object showing evidence of manufacture, alteration or use by humans that is found in or taken from land in Saskatchewan and that is of value for the information that it may give on prehistoric or early historic human activity in Saskatchewan.
- "palaeontological object" means a fossil of a vertebrate animal or a macroscopic fossil of an invertebrate animal or plant that lived in the geological past, but does not include:
- a fossil fuel and fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use; or
- any form in addition to those mentioned in subclause (a), of a preserved remain or trace of a multicellular organism that may be prescribed in the regulations;
- a fossil fuel and fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use; or
"designation process"
Sections 11, 39
"ownership"
66.1(1)Every archaeological object or vertebrate palaeontological object found in or taken from land in Saskatchewan on or after November 28, 1980 is deemed to be the property of the Crown.
(2)Every palaeontological object, other than a vertebrate palaeontological object, found in or taken from land in Saskatchewan after the coming into force of this section is deemed to be the property of the Crown.
"permit" means a valid research permit issued under section 67; sections 67, 68, 69.
70(1) (b)This section specifies that the Minister has the power to make regulations regarding the permit.
Yukon Territory
Consolidation of the Historic Resources Act and Amendments to it, consolidated as of July, 1996
Refonte de la Loi sur le patrimoine historique et ses modifications au 1er juillet 1996
Definitions
- "site" means, as the case may require,
- an area or a place
- a parcel of land, or
- a building or structure, or
- an exterior or interior portion or segment of a building or a structure,
- whether it is privately owned or owned by a municipality or owned by the Crown or an agency of the municipality or Crown.
- "lieu" selon le cas :
- une aire ou un endroit;
- une parcelle de terrain;
- un bâtiment ou une construction;
- une partie de la surface intérieure ou
- qui appartient à un particulier, à une municipalité, à la Couronne ou à son mandataire, ou au mandataire d'une municipalité
- peut être d'intérêt historique.
"Designation of historic sites"
Sections 14 and 36
« déclaration d'un lieu historique »
Articles 14 et 36
Part 6
60 (1) "archaeological object" means an object that
- is the product of human art, workmanship, or use, and it includes plant and animal remains that have been modified by or deposited in consequence of human activities,
- is of value for its archaeological significance, and
- is or has been discovered on or beneath land in the Yukon, or is or has been submerged or partially submerged beneath the surface of any watercourse or permanent body of water in the Yukon.
Partie 6
60 (1) « bien d'intérêt archéologique » désigne un bien qui réunit les conditions suivantes :
- est l'oeuvre, le fabrication, la création de l'être humain, notamment les restes végétaux et animaux modifiés ou déposés par suite de l'intervention de l'être humain;
- a quelque valeur en raison de son intérêt archéologique (Modifié par LY 1996, ch.10, art.13(1).)
- est ou a été découvert sur ou sous la terre à l'intérieur du territoire du Yukon, ou qui était submergé en tout ou en partie dans un cours d'eau une une étendue d'eau fixe du Yukon.
"permit" permit from Yukon heritage.
Sections 61, 62, 63
"permis" permis du patrimoine historique du Yukon.
Articles 61, 62, 63.a
64 This section specifies that the Minister has the power to make regulations regarding permit.
64 Cet article indique que le Ministre décide des règlements régissant les permis.
"ownership and right to possession"
Sections 65 and 66.
« titre de propriété et droit de possession »
Articles 65 et 66.
Yukon Archaeological Sites Regulations, 1956.
"archaeological site" means a site or work of archaeological , ethnological or historical importance, interest or significance or where an archaeological specimen is found, and includes explorer's cairns;
"Archaeological specimen" means an object, /thing or specimen or archaeological, ethnological or historical importance, interest or significance/ and includes explorer's documents. "permit" means a valid and subsisting permit issued under these regulations.
Federal Laws
National Parks Act, Chapter N-14
Loi sur les parcs nationaux
Section 7 gives to Governor in Council the power to make regulations.
L'article 7 donne le pouvoir au gouverneur en conseil de faire des règlements.
Historic Sites and Monuments Act, Chapter H-4
Loi sur les lieux et monuments historiques
Definitions
- "historic place" means a site, building or other place of national historic interest or significance, and includes buildings or structures that are of national interest by reason of age or architectural design.
- "lieu historique" emplacement, bâtiment ou autre endroit d'intérêt ou d'importance historique nationale, y compris les bâtiments ou ouvrages qui sont d'intérêt national en raison de leur âge ou de leur architecture.
Section 9 gives to Governor in Council the power to make regulations.
L'article 9 donne le pouvoir au gouverneur en conseil de faire des règlements.
Canadian Parks Agency , C-29
Loi sur l'Agence canadienne des parcs
Definitions
- "other protected area" includes:
- historic canals and national marine conservation areas that are within the juridiction of the Minister under the Department of Canadian Heritage Act;
- historic museums that may be established by the Minister under the Historic Sites and Monuments Act; and
- any other areas within the jurisdiction of the Minister that relate to areas of Canadian natural or historical significance that the Minister may, with the approval of the Governor in Council, specify for the purpose of this definition.
- historic canals and national marine conservation areas that are within the juridiction of the Minister under the Department of Canadian Heritage Act;
- « autres lieux patrimoniaux protégés » Sont compris parmi les autres lieux patrimoniaux protégés :
- les canaux historiques et les aires marines de conservation nationales qui relèvent de la compétence du ministre en vertu de la Loi sur le ministère du Patrimoine canadien;
- les musées historiques qui peuvent être créés par le ministre en vertu de la Loi sur les lieux et monuments historiques;
- les autres lieux naturels ou historiques d'importance pour la nation qui relèvent de la compétence du ministre et que celui-ci, avec l'agrément du gouverneur en conseil, peut préciser pour l'application de la présente définition.
- les canaux historiques et les aires marines de conservation nationales qui relèvent de la compétence du ministre en vertu de la Loi sur le ministère du Patrimoine canadien;
- « national historic site» means a place designated under subsection (2).
- « lieu historique national» lieu désigné dans le cadre du paragraphe (2).
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