Backcountry safety

Waterton’s awe-inspiring scenery is home to hazards as well. Natural hazards are a part of the national park experience. You can reduce the impact of an unfortunate circumstance by being well informed and well prepared. Safety is everyone's responsibility.

Hiking

When planning your next adventure, trail information and maps are very helpful. Select a trail which best suits your group’s abilities. Be ready to deal with unexpected events as help is often hours away. Be extra cautious when trying out new activities, exploring new places, and when you’re tired, hungry or cold.

• Check the weather forecast, current trail conditions and warnings or closures or stop by the visitor centre.
• Be prepared for emergencies and changes in weather. Always carry a first aid kit.
• Carry extra food, water, and warm clothing in case of emergency.
• Mountain weather changes quickly and it can snow any month of the year.
• Carry bear spray in an easily accessible area (on your chest or hip) and know how to use it. Bear bells are an ineffective wildlife deterrent.
• Consider carrying an emergency beacon. There is no cell service on most trails.
• Carry a map and compass and know how to use them.
• Stay on trail; do not take shortcuts. Retrace your steps if unsure of your route.
• Keep your party together. Lost persons are typically a result of groups splitting up.
• Be prepared to survive at least one night out – a search takes time.

Steep terrain

Most natural hazard accidents happen when people are near steep slopes and cliffs. Take extra care around wet surfaces, exposed tree roots, loose and falling rocks and trees, snow patches, and avalanches.

• Choose footwear with good soles and ankle support.
• Take your time and watch your step. Do not underestimate the terrain.
• Keep well back from edges and supervise children closely.
• Much of the Rocky Mountains are made of loose rock. Be alert for rockfall whenever you are on or below steep terrain.
• High elevation trails can be covered by snow or ice until mid-summer. Do not venture onto steep snow slopes without the appropriate equipment and experience.

Rock climbing and scrambling

Scramblers, like anyone travelling in the backcountry, should research their route, and carry emergency equipment and supplies. A change in the weather or poor route selection can turn a pleasant outing into a life-threatening situation.

There is limited developed rock climbing in Waterton Lakes National Park. Experienced climbers will find some worthwhile routes but must be prepared for loose rock.

For further information about routes and conditions, contact Parks Canada Visitor Safety.

Hazard trees

In the years following a wildfire, there is an increased risk of falling trees in affected areas. It takes several years for root systems and the lower part of the trunk to decay, weakening the tree. Trails are periodically assessed for hazard trees. Travel through burned areas with caution.

• Remain alert and spread your group out to reduce exposure time.
• If possible, avoid burnt forests during windy conditions.
• Travelling off-trail always carries an increased risk of injury.

Weather

Mountain weather can change rapidly and is difficult to predict. Snow and freezing temperatures are possible in ALL seasons, especially at higher elevations. Expect surprises.

• Check weather reports in advance and be prepared for all conditions. 511 Alberta has the latest road conditions to help you reach your hiking destination safely.
• Wear and carry appropriate clothing and equipment.
• Carry a map and compass in case the trail becomes obscured due to snow or other adverse weather conditions.
• Use sunglasses and sunscreen, even on overcast days. Ultraviolet radiation is stronger at higher elevations.

Lightning

The main danger of a lightning strike is cardiac arrest, which requires immediate medical attention.

• Watch the weather and take cover before the storm hits.
• Don't stand in open areas. If possible, take shelter in low forested areas.
• Stay away from single, tall trees and rocky ledges.
• Move down from peaks and ridges and move away from open water.
• To minimize your chances of being struck, do not hold metal hiking poles or ice axes during a storm. They are excellent conductors of electricity.
• If a member of your party is hit, be prepared to give CPR and first aid for burns and shock.

Stream crossings

Mountain lakes and streams are very cold all year long. High water during peak runoff and after heavy rains presents the greatest risk to travellers. Falling in may result in hypothermia, physical injuries or drowning.

• Cross at a wide, shallow point that is not above rapids.
• Leave your footwear on or wear ones specifically for river crossings.
• Undo your pack's waist belt so you can quickly remove it if you lose your balance.
• Use a sturdy stick or pole to brace yourself against the current. Face upstream while crossing.
• If the current is too strong or the river is too deep, go back the way you came.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a decline in body temperature. It’s caused by exposure to cold (rain, wind, snow) and physical exhaustion. Dehydration and not consuming enough calories can also be factors.

• Shivering, difficulty using your hands, disorientation, and a drop in body temperature are all signs of hypothermia.
• Bring extra clothing. Replace wet clothes with dry ones before you get chilled.
• Dress in layers; adjust as you go to prevent overcooling or overheating.
• Wear clothing that retains its insulating properties when wet, like wool. Do not wear cotton items like denim.
• Drink plenty of water and eat throughout the day.

Dehydration

Not drinking water is a major factor of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Due to the 2017 Kenow wildfire, shade is reduced on many of the trails, making hiking on hot days more strenuous.

• Drink water regularly. Take scheduled water breaks, even in cool weather.
• Wear light coloured, loose clothing and a wide brimmed hat.
• In hot weather, avoid hiking during the middle of the day.
• Eat nutritious and high calorie food.
• Know the signs of heat stroke and heat exhaustion.

Drinking water

Surface water may be contaminated and unsafe for drinking. Even if it looks clean, harmful bacteria or parasites may exist in the water. Giardia lamblia, a waterborne parasite that causes gastrointestinal distress, may be present in Waterton’s alpine streams and rivers.

• Bring water from a treated source. Potable water is available at the Fire Hall in the Waterton village year-round.
• Boil or filter water from any untreated source.

Practice good hygiene when disposing of human waste. Use pit toilets or dig a hole at least 100 metres from any water source.

Insects and ticks

Ticks, a parasite, are present in the park and surrounding area. They are most active from April to June, especially in dry, grassy slopes. Check yourself, your party members and pets thoroughly. Ticks in the area are known to carry Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

• Wear long pants with tightly fitting cuffs or gaiters.
• Wear insect repellent containing DEET.
• Ticks are easier to see when wearing light-coloured clothes.
• How to remove a tick
• Public Health Agency of Canada - Lyme disease
• Alberta - Lyme disease and tick surveillance

Cycling

Whether you’re cycling on the road or on the trail, you must know what to do if you have a breakdown or accident. Know how to repair your bike. Carry the tools and parts to do so.

• Choose rides that match your abilities.
• Wear a helmet and any other appropriate safety gear.
• Bring extra food, water, and clothing. Mountain weather changes quickly and it can snow every month of the year.
• Stay alert and expect to encounter other trail users. Cyclists are expected to share the trail with hikers and horseback riders on several trails in Waterton.
• Wearing headphones restricts your ability to hear wildlife and may lead to a surprise encounter. Consider riding without them.

 Some backcountry campgrounds are accessible by mountain bike. Anyone planning to camp in the backcountry must obtain a permit.

Horseback riding

Giddy up! Horseback riding is a traditional activity in Waterton Lakes National Park.

• Horses must yield to motor traffic. Two designated horse crossings are established on the entrance road. Use extreme caution when crossing any road.
• Cycling is allowed on several trails. Hikers and cyclists may not be aware of safe practices when meeting horses on trails. If necessary, encourage them to yield to your horses and explain what you need them to do to ensure everyone’s safety.
• Cross rivers and streams at known ford locations. Avoid crossing rivers during high water periods.
• Parks Canada recommends that only very skilled riders, with horses experienced in mountain terrain, travel the Carthew-Alderson and Tamarack trails.

 Some backcountry campgrounds allow horses. Anyone camping in the backcountry must obtain a permit.